The journal maintains the integrity of the scholarly record by issuing corrections, expressions of concern, or retractions when necessary. Decisions are based on the seriousness of the problem and its effect on the reliability of the published article.

• Correction or erratum: used for honest errors that do not invalidate the article.
• Expression of concern: used when a serious issue is under investigation and readers should be alerted.
• Retraction: used when findings are unreliable, unethical, plagiarized, fraudulent, or substantially duplicated.

Requests for correction should be submitted to the editorial office with article details, DOI, and supporting explanation.